GREEK ART IN YEMEN ~ EROS /DIONYSOS RIDING A LION

 

Timna is an ancient city in Yemen, the capital of the Qataban kingdom. Its modern name is Beihan.

During ancient times, Timna was an important hub in the famous Incense Route, which supplied Arabian and Indian incense via camel caravan to ports on the Mediterranean Sea, most notably Gaza, and Petra.

Archaeological expeditions in Timna have yielded some very interesting artifacts. Through their excavations, archaeologists confirmed a great fire destroyed the city of Timna in the first century CE. They also unearthed this bronze lion and its boy rider covered with a layer of ash. The rider is often identified as Eros or Child Dionysus, the latter relates to the cult of Dionysus, the Greek God of wine, who was a popular figure in ancient Arabia. The sophisticated modeling and treatment of this sculpture, one of a pair, attest to the advanced bronze-casting tradition in Arabia. It also suggests the familiarity of local artists with the technical and artistic language of the Greeks.

The lion and its rider were cast separately using the lost-wax technique. An inscription on the base reads, "Thuwayb and Aqrab dhu-Muhasni placed [these figures] at Yafash. Thuwayb and Aqrab of the Muhasni family decorated the house called Yafash."

SOURCE  Wikipedia 

THE GREEK ORIGINS OF SOUTH ARABIAN AND YEMENI COINAGE

The ancient coinage of Southern Arabia is one of the most obscure branches of numismatics. Its origin is Greek and its development  is local.

Arabia, like Egypt, had no silver mines; therefore, silver was an exotic import. The earliest coins in the region were Athenian tetradrachms of the 5th century BCE. Produced in vast numbers, these “owls” became widely accepted in trade across much of the ancient world, because the silver they contained was relatively pure. Rulers of Saba in central Yemen, with its capital at Marib, soon realized that they could enhance their prestige and wealth by producing their own imitations of this coinage. The 17.2 gram tetradrachm was inconveniently large, so for centuries, South Arabian silver coins were based on a local unit of about 5.5 grams, with fractional denominations of a half, a quarter, an 8th and even a tiny 16th. As generations of die engravers made copies of copies, the designs deteriorated, so that the obverse head of Athena and the reverse owl become increasingly scraggly and schematic. A feature of this coinage is a prominent South Arabian letter on Athena’s cheek as a mark of denomination: “N” for the unit or drachm, “K” for rare double units (didrachm), “G” for the half (hemidrachm), “T” for the quarter, and “S” for the eighth.
Below there are samples of these coins which imitated the famous Athenian tetradrachm.

The kingdom of Qataban  ~ Goddess Athena and owl

The kingdom of Himyar emerged in the southwestern corner of Yemen in the 2nd century BCE and eventually absorbed the other states of the region, extending its power over much of Arabia.

Hadhramawt

The remote kingdom of Hadhramawt (or Hadramaut) in Yemen’s Eastern desert had rich deposits of copper and issued crude bronze “owls” as early as the third century BCE. From the 1st century BCE until it was eventually absorbed by Himyar.

SOURCE : Coinweek